This phenomenon makes lunar poles the repositories of water ice. Hydrogen can escape the moon’s gravity even at low temperatures. But when in the form of water, it remains frozen in permanently shadowed areas.

But how does water lurking at the moon’s poles help?

Of course, the most obvious use of water on moon will be for drinking and as a source of oxygen, making the extended stay of humans on the celestial body possible. But interestingly, it may also shape mankind’s journey to other planets.

Water ice around the lunar poles can be used to extract rocket propellent. To make rocket propellants from water (H2O), it can be split into hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O). The two elements are often used in combination to fuel engines, such as the BE-7 that powers Blue Origin’s under development Blue Moon lunar lander.

Fuel is one of the biggest challenges to long-distance space travel. Rockets can carry only limited fuel — more the fuel, heavier the rocket, higher the cost to take it to space.

Already, a large part of the weight of a rocket at launch, up to 90 per cent in some cases, is due to the fuel stored in it to power its ride to orbit. To go deeper into space, say to Mars, spacecraft will need to carry more propellent.

Currently, a spacecraft on a long-distance mission has to carry fuel from Earth to last the entire duration of its mission. But instead, if an option exists to refuel a spacecraft after it breaks free of Earth’s gravity with propellent that is already in space, it will need to carry from Earth fuel just enough to take it to space and not the amount that it needs for the entire mission.

This will make the rocket lighter for its journey between Earth and space and, in turn, bring down the cost of launch.

Spacecraft can be refuelled on moon, making it a pit stop. The option of refuelling on the natural satellite is particularly interesting for cargo movement missions between Earth and the moon, something that Blue Origin plans to do with its Blue Moon cargo carrier and lander.

When the option to refuel is available on the moon, a cargo carrying mission from Earth can carry just enough propellent required to reach the celestial body and can be refuelled there for its journey back to Earth.

And this has caught Amazon founder Jeff Bezos’ attention.

At the launch of Blue Origin’s Blue Moon cargo carrier in 2019, Bezos said the spacecraft’s engine is fuelled by hydrogen not just because it is ‘very high performance’, but also because he knows that the vehicle will one day be refuelled on the lunar surface.

The option could be useful for deep space missions, or those to other planets, too. While travelling to Mars, taking a detour to moon to refuel would reduce the mass of a mission at the time of the launch from Earth by 68 per cent, a study conducted at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology suggests.

Alternatively, experts say, a ‘gas station’ can be set up in space and supplied from the moon, and spacecraft can dock there to refuel after breaking free from Earth’s gravity. This too is an attractive proposition because transporting propellant from the moon to other locations in space is much cheaper than moving it from Earth.

This is because the moon has one-sixth the gravity of Earth. As a result, breaking from the moon’s gravity requires much lesser energy than defying Earth’s.

George Sowers, a professor at the Colorado School of Mines, says that using propellent moved from moon to the Low Earth Orbit may be 20 to 30 per cent cheaper in comparison to the use of propellent brought there from Earth.

Certainly, for some, much of this might appear far-fetched. However, it’s worth remembering that even the moon landings seemed unrealistic to many during the 1960s.